STD 8 TERM TWO.
ENGLISH LESSON.
UNIT 12: KIBEGENGE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETY.
Areas to be covered:
- Vocabulary
-Language use
- use of clauses introduced by who
2.Persent simple tense
- Regular and irregular verbs
- Past perfect and past perfect continuous tense.
Vocabulary.
Read the passage –Kibagenge co-operative society in pages 79-82 in your primary English pupils book 8.
Try to get the meaning of the following words as used in the passage.
Trade, trader, shop, shopkeeper, buy, sell, goods, cost, price, profit, demand, supply, customer, business, bargain, sale, exhibition, stall, kiosk, grocery, greengrocer, weighing scales, measure, package, packet, line of pay, payment, give, change, more change, short change, cheap, fair price, expensive item, cash, credit, sell on credit, bank.
Language use:
- Use of clauses introduced by
A clause is a group of words which forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and a predicate.
-Predicate is the part of a sentence which tells something about the subject.
- Subject is the part which names the person or thing we are speaking about.
Example:
People who pay their debts are trusted. In this sentence, people is our subject, who pay their debts is our clause. This clause is introduced by the relative pronoun who.
The clause ‘who pay their debts’ tells us something about our subject, people. Who is a relative pronoun.
Other relative pronouns:
-whom
-whose
-which
-what.
The relative pronoun ‘who’ is always followed by a verb, e.g. who pay.
Example of a sentence.
The animals who were left behind to guard the food were all tricked by Inkalimeva. The underlined part of the sentence is our clause introduced by the relative pronoun ‘who’.
NB: Who is followed by a verb – who were.
More examples:
1.The hare was treated as a hero although he was the one who had eaten the food.
2.The Giraffe said they needed a guard who was cleverer than the Inkalimeva.
- In the race between the Porcupine and the Inlakimeva, it was the porcupine who lost.
- The first three animals who were unable to guard the food, ran away into the desert.
- The Khoikhoi are a group of people who live in Southern Africa.
Language Use:
Use of the present simple tense.
Formation:
-Present simple tense does not have a helping verb. No auxiliary verb used.
-The verb agrees with the subject, if the subject is singular, the verb will be in singular form. Remember we make the verb to be in singular form by adding an ‘s’ to it. (others we add ‘es’)
If the subject is plural, the verb will be in plural form (I,e no ‘s’ at the end).
Examples of sentences in present simple tense.
- Honey is sweet.
- The train leaves at 9 o’clock.
- I get up everyday at 5 o’clock.
- The boys are playing hockey.
- She seems sad.
Uses of the present simple tense.
1.To express a habitual action.
A habitual action is something you always do.
Example:
- He drinks tea every morning.
- I get up everyday at five O’clock.
- We go to Church every Sunday.
- My class goes for P.E Thursday first lesson after break.
- To Express general truths.
Examples:
-The sun rises in the east.
-Fortune favours the brave.
Language use 3.
Regular and irregular verbs.
Regular verbs are verbs that form their past tense and past participle in a regular way i.e, they follow a certain pattern adding ‘ed’ or ‘d’
Examples:
Walk walked walked
Need needed needed
Appear appeared appeared
Talk talked talked
Thrive thrived thrived
Describe described described
Irregular verbs form their past tense and past participle in an irregular way. The verb changes completely.
Fall fell fallen
Drive drove driven
Run ran run
Come came come
Eat ate eaten
Burn burnt burnt
Swim swam swum.
Note:
Regular verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding ‘ed’.
Irregular verbs form their past tense and past participle in a different way from adding ‘ed’.
Langauge use 4.
Past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses.
Past perfect tense:
Formation.
Formed by the use of ‘had’+ past participle.
Example:
- I had done my exercise when Hari came to see me.
- She had written the letter before he arrived.
- When I reached the station, the train had left.
- The lamp had fallen down.
- I had known Chuma for the last ten years.
Usage:
The past perfect tense describes an action completed before a certain moment in the past. E.g I met him in Nairobi in 1996. I had seen him last five years before.
NB: If two actions happened in the past, it may be necessary to show which actioned happened earlier than the other.
The past perfect is mainly used in such situations. The action that happened after another is expressed in past participle tense.
Example:
-I found the lesson had started in the morning.
- When I had had my dinner, I went to bed.
-When we went to the cinema, the film had already started.
Past perfect continuous tense:
Formation:
-It is formed by the use of had+been + -----ing (present participle)
Example:
-The sun had been shining since creation.
-Kamiri had been having a headache since early this morning.
-Chuma had been saving money to build a house.
Usage:
The past perfect continuous tense is used for an action that began before a certain point in the past and continued up to that time.
Example:
When Mr. Kamau came came to that school in 1995, Mr. Mati had already been teaching there for five years.
Exercise:
Choose the correct verb form from those given:
- The earth……………………………round the sun.
